Introduction
In the realm of library science and architecture, the term “stack” or “bookstack” refers to a crucial component of library design dedicated to the storage of books. Distinct from reading areas, stacks are typically characterized by narrow aisles and multilevel shelving systems made from iron or steel. This innovative design emerged in the 19th century, driven by the growing demand for efficient storage solutions in libraries. Understanding the evolution and functionality of library stacks offers insight into how libraries have adapted to serve their patrons better while maximizing space.
Early Development of Library Stacks
The development of library stacks can be traced back to the 19th century, with significant contributions from architects and engineers who recognized the need for improved book storage solutions. One of the pioneering figures in this evolution was French architect Henri Labrouste. In 1850, Labrouste utilized iron construction techniques in his design for the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris, which laid the groundwork for future library designs.
Building on Labrouste’s innovations, he created a four-story iron stack system for the Bibliothèque nationale de France. This marked one of the first instances where a library employed a multilevel iron shelving system that could accommodate vast amounts of literature. Following this advancement, the British Library implemented multilevel stacks with grated iron floors in 1857, showcasing an early example of how libraries adapted to their growing collections.
In 1876, architect William R. Ware designed a stack for Gore Hall at Harvard University that deviated from traditional architectural principles. In this case, the floors did not support the shelving; rather, they were attached to and supported by the shelving framework. This design approach was revolutionary since it allowed for greater flexibility in space utilization within libraries. The external walls of these buildings served primarily as an envelope without contributing significantly to structural support.
The Library of Congress and the Snead System
Another monumental milestone in the history of library stacks occurred with the completion of the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress in 1897. Under the supervision of engineer Bernard Richardson Green, this building became one of the first to implement all-metal shelving systems designed specifically for book storage. Green made notable modifications to existing designs, including those from Gore Hall, ensuring that these new stacks met the demands of modern library needs.
The Snead and Company Ironworks played a pivotal role in this transformation by installing their standardized designs across various libraries nationwide. Notable examples include Widener Library at Harvard University and the impressive seven-level stack supporting the Rose Reading Room at the New York Public Library. Green’s design featured cast iron structures with shelves crafted from thin U-section steel strips, which were remarkably lightweight compared to traditional wooden shelves.
One innovative aspect of Green’s design was its modularity; these stacks could be constructed several stories high as freestanding entities that incorporated staircases and floors while supporting additional structural elements above them. Moreover, Green’s design allowed for adjustable shelves that accommodated books of varying sizes with a simple lug system, eliminating the need for bolts or fixings. Although these bookstacks had minimal embellishments, they represented an industrial design aesthetic appropriate for their time.
Open versus Closed Stacks
A critical decision in library design revolves around whether to utilize open or closed stacks. Open-stack libraries allow patrons unrestricted access to browse through collections and retrieve books independently. In contrast, closed-stack libraries restrict access to staff only; patrons must use catalogs to identify desired books and request retrieval from librarians.
Historically, most public libraries employed closed-stack systems until the late 19th century when open stacks began gaining popularity. A prominent advocate for open stacks was John Cotton Dana, who became head of Denver Public Library in 1889. Dana believed that allowing patrons direct access to materials would enhance their library experience and promote self-directed learning.
Initially, many Carnegie libraries implemented closed-stack systems; however, as attitudes toward library accessibility evolved, later designs incorporated open stacks. Angus Snead Macdonald, who led Snead Company from 1915 to 1952, was instrumental in promoting this transition towards modular and open-plan libraries that enhanced user engagement with collections.
The Impact of Library Stacks on Modern Libraries
The design and implementation of library stacks have had a profound impact on how modern libraries function today. The evolution from closed stacks to open stacks reflects broader societal changes regarding access to information and education. Today’s libraries often prioritize user experience by allowing patrons greater freedom in navigating collections and discovering materials relevant to their interests.
Furthermore, technological advancements have influenced how libraries manage their physical collections alongside digital resources. Many contemporary libraries still utilize stack systems but may incorporate digital catalogs that provide users with real-time data on available materials. This hybrid model allows librarians to maintain efficient organization while enhancing accessibility for users.
Conclusion
Library stacks have undergone significant transformations since their inception in the 19th century, evolving from closed systems to more accessible open-stack designs that empower patrons and enhance their library experiences. The architectural innovations introduced by pioneers such as Henri Labrouste and Bernard Richardson Green have shaped modern library spaces into organized repositories for knowledge and culture.
As libraries continue adapting to changing technologies and user needs, understanding the historical development of bookstacks remains essential. These structures not only serve as functional spaces for storing literature but also represent a commitment to accessibility and engagement with information—cornerstones upon which modern libraries stand today.
Artykuł sporządzony na podstawie: Wikipedia (EN).